![]() The curriculum included a pre-training ASE online module and healthy volunteer hands-on training to obtain 5 views: parasternal long-axis (PLAX), parasternal short-axis (PSAX), apical 4-chamber (A4C), subcostal 4-chamber (S4C), and subcostal inferior vena cava (SIVC) views. This study was a prospective, pre-post education intervention study for first- and second-year medical students, with blinded outcome assessment. The objective of this study was to investigate the curriculum impact on image acquisition skill retention 8 weeks after initial training. Based on the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) curriculum framework, we developed a blended-learning cardiac POCUS curriculum with competency evaluation. No studies have demonstrated medium- or long-term skill retention of cardiac point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) curriculum for medical student. It appears that the right approach is to treat them as complementary tools proving their capabilities in diverse clinical scenarios. The limitations of HUDs are rather obvious and caution is needed to distinguish the role of HUD-based bedside-limited scan from comprehensive stationary echocardiography. Ultrasound screening for certain vascular abnormalities also appears promising. Handheld ultrasound devices may be also helpful in identifying pleural effusion or subpleural consolidations furthermore, brief ultrasonographic assessment of "lung comets" enables the estimation of the level of congestion. Clinically relevant cardiological targets suggested for HUDs include the assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic function and size, assessment of other cardiac chambers, identification of gross valvular abnormalities, and detection of the pathological masses within the heart cavities. However, their ultraportability made them essential for the bedside assessment, with the particular emphasis on the bedside focus cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS)-goal-oriented, limited echocardiographic screening. Although diagnostic capabilities of HUDs are expanding, according to guidelines, they cannot be perceived as a tool suitable for performing full echocardiographic examination. ![]() Recent technological advances have led not only to the enhancement of the diagnostic capabilities of stationary ultrasound systems but also to miniaturization, which in turn led to the introduction of smartphone-sized handheld ultrasound devices (HUDs), designed to be used at bedside to improve and extend the scope of physical examination. ![]() It is suitable for use in diverse clinical settings and environments by operators with different backgrounds. The advantages of ultrasonography do not need to be discussed. ![]()
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